A position type is required for each fixed target. It may be expressed in any one of three different ways:
It is also possible to specify that the coordinates were obtained using the Guide Star Selection System (GSSS; see 3.4.5 Determining Coordinates in the Guide Star Selection System (GSSS) Reference System), or that they are currently uncertain or unknown, and that more accurate coordinates will be provided by the observer after an early acquisition exposure is taken, or in real time during the HST observations.
If you are using the Text Proposal File, target position items must be separated by commas.
The HST Scientific Instruments (SIs) typically have very small apertures and fields of view. Target-acquisition apertures for several of the SIs are only a few seconds of arc in size. Since the HST has no analog to the video acquisition cameras common on many ground-based telescopes, it is essential to have accurate coordinates for targets. In many cases targets will be placed in the final observing aperture after a sequence of target-acquisition observations. This will only work, however, if the target coordinates are sufficiently accurate and precise to place the target in the first of these acquisition apertures.
HST uses two guide stars to stabilize the pointing of the telescope and to place the target in the desired aperture. The fundamental problem, then, is to determine the position of the target relative to the guide stars in the surrounding area with sufficient accuracy to place the target in the aperture. The specific pair of guide stars to be used cannot be determined in advance of the observation; several possible pairs will often be available for each target. The guide stars are chosen from the Guide Star Catalog 2 (GSC2). Over the HST FOV, the relative position errors between guide stars is 0.15" (1 sigma), while the absolute positions on the ICRS have errors of 0.25" (1 sigma). Note that these errors are derived at the epoch of the GSC plate and will increase slowly in time due to proper motion.
The accuracies of positions typically needed for target acquisition with each of the SIs are shown in Table 3.11; these are predicated upon the positions being in International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), which is the reference frame of the GSC2 catalog. Note that several of the SIs have multiple acquisition apertures of different sizes that may be used. Be sure when selecting acquisition apertures to keep the coordinate uncertainties in mind. Furthermore, be sure to provide one sigma uncertainties with your positions so that STScI may check the appropriateness of your acquisition exposures. Inaccurate target coordinates can result in failed target acquisitions and can therefore waste valuable HST observing time. As indicated in Table 3.11, it is the observer's responsibility to provide accurate coordinates in all cases, but in particular they must be in the ICRS reference frame when using with the NIC1 and NIC2 detectors. Please contact your PC if you need additional information. Although ICRS frame-based coordinates are not required for FGS and WFPC2 observations, it is still prudent to check the accuracy of your coordinates. All observers will be provided target confirmation charts by their PC to help them verify the target coordinates in the ICRS reference frame. The Principal Investigator of a program is responsible for ensuring that target coordinates are accurate, both at the time of program submission, and later when target confirmation charts are provided. The following address has pertinent information on target confirmation charts:
http://www.stsci.edu/public/confirmation-chart.html
Note: HST proposals executed before July 1991, as well as engineering proposals of type OV, SV, SMOV, and CAL, should not be used to derive target coordinates. Coordinates from such proposals may be unreliable owing to poor calibration and/or engineering-related pointing changes made during the observations.
Instrument Configuration |
Accuracy Required (1 sigma, arcsec) |
ICRS Coordinates Required? |
---|---|---|
WFPC2 (WFC) |
10 |
No |
WFPC2 (PC) |
5 |
No |
FGS |
1 |
No |
ACS/WFC |
10 |
No |
ACS/HRC |
4 |
No |
ACS/SBC |
5 |
No |
ACS/HRC-OCCULT |
1 |
Yes |
ACS/HRC-CORON |
1 |
Yes |
NIC11 |
3 |
Yes |
NIC2 (2) |
5 |
Yes |
NIC3 (2) |
10 |
No |
1If multiple NICMOS detectors are being used in parallel, the primary detector (the detector used for the exposures in the <primary-exp-list> of the PARallel WITH Special Requirement; see PARallel <parallel-exp-list> WITH <primary-exp-list> (replaced by Coordinated Parallel Containers in the APT User Interface)) determines the required coordinate accuracy for the observation and whether GSC2 frame-based coordinates are required. |
If you specify the target position directly in terms of equatorial coordinates (as opposed to specifying an offset or a region), then the right ascension and declination <values> must be provided:
RA: +/- <uncertainty> DEC: +/- <uncertainty>.
Quantity and units specified |
Acceptable units for uncertainty |
---|---|
RA: H-M-S |
timemin, timesec, arcmin, arcsec |
DEC: D-M-S |
degrees, arcmin, arcsec |
Note: If the sign of the declination is not indicated, a positive declination is assumed, but we urge you to always include the sign as a way of reducing errors.
In the Text Proposal File you must use the following format for RA and DEC (note the comma delimiters):
RA = <value> +/- <uncertainty>, DEC = <value> +/- <uncertainty>
The comma following the right-ascension uncertainty is required.
The position of a target may alternatively be specified as an offset from a reference target. Note, however, that offsets larger than 30 arcsec may complicate the target acquisition procedure. If larger offsets are desired, please contact your Program Coordinator.
Offsets are always in the sense offset = target-coordinates minus offset-reference-coordinates, while a polar offset is expressed as an angular separation and position angle of a line drawn from the offset reference target to the target. As with other similar quantities, we urge you to include the sign of the offset, even when it is positive, as a means of removing ambiguity.
Note that you select the <target name> which has the equatorial coordinates of the reference target, and that reference-target names have -OFFSET appended to them (see Table 3.1).
Positional offsets are only a convenient method of specifying target coordinates, and do not automatically imply a particular method of target acquisition; observers must explicitly specify any target acquisitions on the Visit and Exposure Specifications via Special Requirements (see Chapter 7: Special Requirements [Visit and Exposure Special_Requirements]).
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Warning: If your object has significant proper motion no correction may be applied. See 3.8 Is Proper Motion or Parallax Relevant?, where it notes that the proper motion for the target is taken to be the same as for the offset object. |
You specify the offset as a difference in EQUATORIAL coordinates from a target <name>:
Position Type: Offset
Offset: RA: <value> DEC: <value>
Uncertainty: RA: <value> DEC: <value>
From Target: <target name>
XI-OFF = <value> +/- <uncertainty>, ETA-OFF = <value> +/- <uncertainty>, FROM <target number>
Note: North and east displacements are considered positive (+), south and west are negative (-).
The values of XI-OFF and ETA-OFF are required to both be expressed in arcmin (') or arcsec ("), and the uncertainties must be expressed in the same units (in other words, all four angular quantities must be in the same units). In the following example, a target has been measured on a sky-survey plate, with a scale of 67 arcsec/mm, to lie 0.5 mm west of, and 1 mm north of, target number 3, with an accuracy of 1 arcsec:
R = <value>, PA = <value>, FROM <target number>
Note that uncertainties must not be included in this type of specification. The separation is expressed in units of minutes (') or seconds (") of arc. The position angle of the target with respect to the reference target is measured east of north, and the unit of measurement (degrees) is required. In the following example, a target lies 10 arcsec from target number 4, at a position angle, measured at target 4 from north through east, of 60 degrees:
By default APT provides a value of 0.1" for the uncertainties.
Example: NGC2654's right ascension is 2.34 seconds of time less than the reference target (NGC2654-OFFSET), and its declination is 1.6 arcsec greater than NGC2654-OFFSET. The specifications for NGC2654 would be:
Position Type: Offset
Offset: RA: -2.34S DEC: 1.6"
Uncertainty: RA: 0.01S DEC: 0.1"
From Target: NGC2654-OFFSET
The format for an offset specification as a difference in equatorial coordinates is:
RA-OFF =<value> +/- <uncertainty>, DEC-OFF = <value> +/- <uncertainty>, FROM <target number>
Note the uncertainties and the commas separating the three items. The value for RA-OFF may be in units of seconds (S) of time, or in decimal degrees (D), and the value for DEC-OFF may be in units of arcmin (') or arcsec ("), or in decimal degrees (D). The uncertainty must be expressed in one and only one of the units used to express the related RA and/or DEC.
Sometimes it is necessary to define a region of sky rather than a specific point. Examples are extended targets (such as emission nebulae and galaxies) and blank-sky regions for background measurements (if it is acceptable to make the observation anywhere within a region). An Equinox value should be specified with the region coordinates (see Section 3.5 ).
The units used for regions should be used in the same way as for coordinates; see Section 3.4.2 . You can choose either a rectangular or a circular region.
For a rectangular region, the format for equatorial coordinates must be used followed by a comma and the word REGION; the values following +/- will then be interpreted as one-half the lengths of the sides of the rectangular area, rather than as uncertainties in the coordinates.
In the following example, a region 4 arcmin wide in right ascension by 2 arcmin high in declination is specified:
RA = 3H 51M 27S +/- 2', DEC = -37D 13' 25" +/- 1', REGION
For a circular region, REGION must be followed by another comma and the radius of the region in the format R = <radius>; in this case, no uncertainties should be attached to the RA and DEC. Here is an example of a circular region with a radius of 2 arcmin:
RA = 3H 51M 27S, DEC = -37D 13' 25", REGION, R = 2'
Note that the units of R must be specified.
If it is desired to specify a circular region, REGION must be followed by another comma and the radius of the region in the format R = <radius>; in this case, no uncertainties should be attached to the RA and DEC. Here is an example of a circular region with a radius of 2 arcmin:
RA = 3H 51M 27S, DEC = -37D 13' 25", REGION, R = 2'
Note that the units of R must be specified.
The HST reference frame is defined by the HST Guide Star Catalog 2 (GSC2) that STScI has created. For observations that require accurate coordinates, such as those listed as "ICRS Coordinates Required" in Table 3.11, it is vital that you provide positions derived in the ICRS reference frame.
Access to the GSC2 and the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) is available in the VTT portion of the APT which is used to submit HST proposal and program information. You will also find links to query the catalog and retrieve images on the Catalogs and Surveys Group (CSAG) Web server at http://www-gsss.stsci.edu
. Follow the links to HST support and Phase 2 instructions.
Here are some more detailed guidelines for different categories of brightness and type:
CASG Web site
. When you have the GSC2 coordinates, enter them in the Position data for the target and select the Reference_Frame as ICRS. We recommend that you also enter the GSC2 name as a target alias in Alternate_Names.
For example, in the Position form
J2000 Coordinates RA: 12 13 14.27 DEC: -13 11 03.3
Uncertainty: RA: 0.3 (arcsec) DEC: 0.3 (arcsec)
Reference_Frame: ICRS
In the Text Proposal File
Position: RA = 12H 13M 14.27S +/- 0.3", DEC = -13D 11' 03.3" +/- 0.3"
Equinox: J2000
Reference_Frame: ICRS
For stars brighter than about m(V)=11, the coordinates provided are from the Hipparcos/Tycho catalogs rather than the measured plate coordinates since they are more accurate. Enter the GSC2 name and set the Reference_Frame as ICRS.
CASG Web site
to access the GSC2 and DSS images. Contact your Program Coordinator if you need assistance.
CASG Web site
. This is a simple Web-based tool that allows one to enter either a GSC1 ID or coordinate. In the case of an ID it will directly look up the GSC2 coordinate for that object. If you enter a coordinate, it will derive a mean offset between GSC1 and GSC2 over the HST FOV and apply that correction to the position.
As part of preparing your observations, your Program Coordinator will provide, as a final check that the coordinates are correct, a Confirmation Chart showing the target coordinates (as entered in the proposal) overlaid on the field from the plate material used to construct the Guide Star Catalog. You are responsible for verifying that the coordinates are correct. (See Section 3.4.1, "Required Accuracies of Target Positions" .)
Note that the set of plates used to construct the GSC2 coordinates is NOT the same one that is contained in the 102-volume set of CD ROMs distributed as the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS-I). The GSC2 coordinates are primarily derived from the POSS-II Red survey in the northern hemisphere and the AAO-SES/ER Red surveys in the south. These images are only available on-line. If you wish to measure your target coordinates from these images, please download the images using the links from the CASG Web server listed above.
In order to provide the best astrometry to the community, a development version of the GSC1 (version 1.2) had been released. This was used to develop some of the astrometric reduction algorithms that are used in GSC2. This version was not implemented in the HST ground system and should not be used to provide Phase 2 coordinates.
If it is impossible to obtain adequate plate material to measure coordinates to the required accuracy (e.g., a very crowded field which cannot be resolved using ground-based observations), it may be necessary to obtain an early acquisition image or to perform an acquisition that involves real-time interaction with the telescope (see Section 7.3.1 ). In that case, coordinates as accurate as possible must be entered on the Target List.
The PLATE-ID can be used to specify one of the special guide star catalogs which have been created by the STScI to accommodate special guide star requirements; to have access to the special plates, you must select GSC1 as the Reference_Frame. These catalogs are primarily used for selecting guide stars from a subset of stars in the region which have certain properties or more accurate relative positions. This option is most commonly used when the relative accuracy of guide stars and target stars must be known with great precision.
The Special Catalogs currently available are:
PLATE-ID |
SKY REGION |
---|---|
ZZZZ |
NGC188 |
ZZZX |
Iota Carinae |
ZZZW |
HR6636 |
ZZZV |
HR6850 |
ZZZU |
HR6945 |
ZZZT |
NGC5617 |
ZZZR |
Omega Centauri |
ZZZQ |
Eta Carinae |
Only a modest number of specific objects are listed in these catalogs; contact your PC. Note that any proper motion for objects on these plates has been applied through the year 2000, and so an Epoch of 2000 should be specified
Space Telescope Science Institute http://www.stsci.edu Voice: (410) 338-1082 help@stsci.edu |